Game Review
The Carbon Cycle Game Quiz
Video
A Diamond?
The Natural History Museum/Alamy
The yellow rock probably does not look like a diamond that you have seen. It lacks sparkle because it is rough and uncut. It formed deep within Earth under intense pressure and heating. Believe it or not, diamonds are pure carbon.
Elements in Living Things
What do you have in common with the fish and sea anemones in Figure 1? You might be surprised to learn that you, a fish, and a sea anemone have several things in common. Each of you is made of cells that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and a few other elements. In fact, the mass of all living organisms contain about 18 percent carbon compounds.
Except for water and some salts, most things you put in or on your body—food, clothing, cosmetics, and medicines—consist of compounds that contain carbon. This lesson explores various types of carbon compounds that make up living things.
1. 
Reading Check Which four elements are in most living organisms?
Reading Check Which four elements are in most living organisms?
Wolfgang Pölzer/Alamy
Figure 1 All living things are made of similar carbon-containing compounds.
Organic Compounds
Scientists once thought that all carbon compounds came from living or once-living organisms, and they called these compounds organic. Scientists now know that carbon is also in many nonliving things. Today, scientists define an organic compound as a chemical compound that contains carbon atoms usually bonded to at least one hydrogen atom. Organic compounds can also contain other elements such as oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, or sulfur. However, compounds such as carbon dioxide (CO2) and carbon monoxide (CO) are not organic because they do not have a carbon-hydrogen bond.
Understanding Carbon
A carbon atom is unique because it can easily combine with other atoms and form millions of compounds. Find carbon on the periodic table in the Reference Handbook. Carbon has an atomic number of 6. Therefore, a neutral carbon atom has six protons and six electrons. Four of these electrons are valence electrons, or are in the outermost energy level. Recall that many atoms are chemically stable when they have eight valence electrons. Carbon atoms become more chemically stable through covalent bonding, as shown in Figure 2. In a covalent bond, carbon atoms have eight valence electrons, like a stable, unreactive noble gas.
Figure 2 Carbon often bonds with four hydrogen atoms and forms a stable compound.
The Carbon Group
Look again at the periodic table. Notice that silicon and germanium are in the same group as carbon. They each have four valence electrons. Silicon and germanium atoms also become stable by forming four covalent bonds. However, it takes more energy for them to do this. The more energy it takes, the less likely it is that bonding will occur.
1. Key Concept Check How is carbon unique compared to other elements?
The Forms of Pure Carbon
(tl) Image Source/Getty Images, (tr) Image Source/Getty Images, (br) Michael Betts/Getty Images
Figure 3 Four common forms of pure carbon are graphite, diamond, fullerene, and amorphous.
Visual Check Compare the structures of graphite and diamonds and explain why graphite is used in pencil lead but diamonds are not.
When carbon atoms bond together, they form one of several different arrangements, such as those shown in Figure 3. Forms of carbon are described below.
• One form of carbon is graphite (GRA fite). In graphite, carbon atoms form thin sheets that can slide over one another or bend. Graphite is used as a lubricant and in making golf clubs, tennis rackets, pencil lead, and other items.
• Diamonds, another form of carbon, are used in jewelry, on the tips of drill bits, and on the edges of some saw blades. The carbon atoms bond to one another in a rigid and orderly structure, making diamonds extremely strong. This makes diamonds one of the hardest materials known.
• Carbon atoms in fullerene (FOOL uh reen) form various cagelike structures. Fullerene was discovered late in the twentieth century and uses for fullerene are still being explored. However, future fullerene uses might include the development of faster, smaller electronic components.
• The atoms in amorphous (uh MOR fus) carbon lack an orderly arrangement. Amorphous carbon is found in soot, coal and charcoal.
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SCIENCE USE V. COMMON USE
organic
Science Use a chemical compound that contains carbon and usually contains at least one carbon-hydrogen bond
Science Use a chemical compound that contains carbon and usually contains at least one carbon-hydrogen bond
Common Use pertaining to or grown with natural fertilizers and pesticides; often used to refer to foods, such as fruits, vegetables, and meats
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REVIEW VOCABULARY
covalent bond
a chemical bond formed by sharing one or more pairs of electrons between atoms
a chemical bond formed by sharing one or more pairs of electrons between atoms
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WORD ORIGIN
amorphous
from a– and Greek morphe, means “without form”
from a– and Greek morphe, means “without form”
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Hydrocarbons
Many organic compounds contain only carbon and hydrogen atoms, however, organic compounds can also contain other elements such as oxygen, phosphorus, nitrogen, or sulfur. A compound that contains only carbon and hydrogen atoms is called a hydrocarbon. There are many different hydrocarbons. The simplest is methane (CH4), shown in Figure 4.
Figure 4 Methane consists of one carbon atom bonded to four hydrogen atoms.
Hydrocarbon Chains
When carbon atoms form hydrocarbons, the carbon atoms can link together in different ways. They can form straight chains, branched chains, or rings. Table 1 shows examples of each type of arrangement. Look closely at the molecular formula for each compound. Notice that butane and isobutane have the same molecular formula. They have the same ratio of carbon atoms to hydrogen atoms. Compounds that have the same molecular formula but different structural arrangements are called isomers (I suh murz). Each isomer is a different molecule with its own unique name and properties.
Table 1 Carbon atoms can form straight chains, branched chains, or rings.
Carbon-to-Carbon Bonding
When a carbon atom bonds to another carbon atom, the two atoms can share two, four, or six electrons, as shown in Figure 5. In all cases, the carbon atoms in each molecule have eight valence electrons and are stable. When two carbon atoms share two electrons, it is called a single bond. A hydrocarbon that contains only single bonds is called an alkane. When two carbon atoms share four electrons, it is called a double bond. A hydrocarbon that contains at least one double bond is called an alkene. If two carbon atoms share six electrons, it is called a triple bond. A hydrocarbon that contains at least one triple bond is called an alkyne.
1. Key Concept Check What kind of bonds do carbon atoms form with other carbon atoms?
Figure 5 Two carbon atoms can form a single, double, or triple bond.
Saturated Hydrocarbons
Hydrocarbons are often classified by the type of bonds the carbon atoms share. A hydrocarbon that contains only single bonds is called a saturated hydrocarbon. It is called saturated because no more hydrogen atoms can be added to the molecule. Look at the top image in Figure 5. Notice that three of the valence electrons in each carbon atom bond with hydrogen atoms. The carbon atoms are saturated with hydrogen atoms.
Unsaturated Hydrocarbons
A hydrocarbon that contains one or more double or triple bonds is called an unsaturated hydrocarbon. Look at the double bond and triple bond examples in Figure 5. If the double and triple bonds are broken, additional hydrogen atoms could bond to the carbon atoms. Therefore, molecules containing double and triple bonds are not saturated with hydrogen atoms.
2. Reading Check Explain the difference between saturated and unsaturated compounds.
Reading Check Explain the difference between saturated and unsaturated compounds.
Naming Hydrocarbons
What type of shape is a stop sign? It is an octagon. An octagon is a figure with eight sides. Its name comes from the root oct–, which means “eight.” Most geometric shapes have names that refer to the number of sides they have, such as a triangle. Similarly, hydrocarbons have names that indicate how many carbon atoms are in each molecule.
Carbon Chains
When naming a hydrocarbon, the first thing you need to do is find the longest carbon chain and count the number of carbon atoms in it. Look at Figure 6. Find the carbon chain and count the carbon atoms. In this molecule, there are four carbon atoms. The number of carbon atoms gives you the root word of the name. Now, look at Table 2. This table shows the root word for any hydrocarbon that has one through ten carbon atoms. What is the root name for the molecule in Figure 6? The root name is but– (BYEWT). What would be the root name if the carbon chain had eight carbon atoms like a stop sign? The root name is oct–.
Figure 6 This hydrocarbon has four carbon atoms in its chain.
Table 2 The number of carbon atoms in the longest continuous chain determines the root word for the name of the hydrocarbon.
Determine the Suffix
Now that you know how to find the root word of a hydrocarbon, you must also find the suffix, or end, of the name. Recall that carbon atoms bond to other carbon atoms by single bonds, double bonds, or triple bonds. Table 3 shows which suffix to use when the type of bonds in the molecule are determined. Look at Figure 6 again. The molecule has all single bonds and should have the suffix –ane. Put the root and the suffix together and you get butane.
3. Reading Check What is the name of a hydrocarbon with six carbon atoms that contains only single bonds?
Reading Check What is the name of a hydrocarbon with six carbon atoms that contains only single bonds?
Table 3 The type of bonds in the hydrocarbon chain determines the suffix in the name.
Determine the Prefix
Sometimes hydrocarbons have a prefix, and sometimes they do not. Recall that hydrocarbons form chains, branched chains, and rings. If a hydrocarbon contains a ring structure, the prefix cyclo– is added before the root name. Hydrocarbons sometimes have other prefixes and numbers added before their name. You might read about this naming system in more advanced chemistry courses. For this lesson, only hydrocarbons in the form of a ring will get a prefix. Table 4 summarizes the steps used to name a hydrocarbon.
Lesson Review
Visual Summary
Chemical compounds that contain carbon and usually at least one hydrogen atom are called organic compounds.
Carbon atoms form several different substances including graphite, diamonds, fullerene, and amorphous carbon.
Michael Betts/Getty Images
A hydrocarbon can be in the form of a straight chain, branched chain, or a ring structure.
What do you think NOW?
You first read the statements below at the beginning of the lesson.
1. Charcoal and diamonds are made of carbon atoms.
2. Carbon atoms often bond with hydrogen atoms in chemical compounds.
Did you change your mind about whether you agree or disagree with the statements? Rewrite any false statements to make them true.
Lesson Assessment
Use Vocabulary
1. Use the Word Use the words organic compound in a sentence.
2. Define saturated hydrocarbon and unsaturated hydrocarbon.
3. Use the term isomer in a complete sentence.
Understand Key Concepts
4. List Besides carbon, what other elements can organic compounds contain?
5. Summarize how carbon bonds with other carbon atoms.
6. Examine each molecular formula. Which is propane?
A. CH3
B. C2H6
C. C3H8
D. C4H10
7. Explain why carbon is unique compared to other elements.
8. What is the maximum number of covalent bonds that carbon can form?
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4
9. Which is the correct name for the following carbon compound pictured below?
A. heptane
B. hexane
C. pentane
D. pentene
10. Which is true about the carbon compound cyclooctane?
A. It is a straight-chain hydrocarbon with eight carbon atoms and only single bonds.
B. It is a branched-chain hydrocarbon with eight carbon atoms and at least one double bond.
C. It is a ringed hydrocarbon with eight carbon atoms and at least one double bond.
D. It is a ringed hydrocarbon with eight carbon atoms and only single bonds.
11. Which is NOT a form of pure carbon?
A. diamond
B. fullerene
C. graphite
D. halide
Interpret Graphics
12. Identify Which form of pure carbon is represented in the diagram below?
13. Explain Copy and fill in the table below to explain how the four forms of carbon differ.
Critical Thinking
14. Explain why so many different compounds are made from carbon.
15. Draw the structural formula for pentane (C5H12).
16. Draw three isomers for pentane.
17. Differentiate between saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons.
18. Compare and contrast the properties of diamond and graphite.
19. Create a poster that illustrates why hydrocarbons are present in so many different compounds.
20. Evaluate which of these formulas contains at least one double bond: C7H16, C4H8, C3H8. Explain your reasoning.
SCIENCE & SOCIETY: Carbon
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Will it replace the silicon in your computer?
You have a computer inside your head—your brain. Your brain has 100 billion tiny switches that allow you to process information every day. Those switches are your brain cells. Like your brain, computers have billions of tiny “brain cells” called silicon transistors. These tiny electronic components have been changing society since they were first developed about 50 years ago.
Courtesy of Texas Instruments
The first silicon transistor, shown here on top of a postage stamp, was small for its time but huge by today’s standards.
Transistors are devices that can strengthen an electronic signal. Transistors can rapidly turn computer circuits off and on. They are efficient and produce very little heat, which makes them useful in cell phones, radios, and computers. Silicon transistors first were used in computers in 1955. At the time, computers were about the size of three or four adults. Now, of course, computers are much smaller.
Bettmann/CORBIS
TRIDAC was the first fully transistorized computer.
Scientists developed the first miniature silicon transistor in 1965. They attached several of the tiny transistors, along with other electronic components, to a piece of plastic. This was the invention of the circuit board. The circuit board allowed designers to fit many more transistors into a computer. This also allowed computers to be made much smaller.
Roger Ressmeyer/CORBIS
By the 1980s, computers had become small enough to fit on a desktop.
The number of transistors that can be placed on a single circuit board has doubled every two years since 1965. Computers have become smaller, faster, and more powerful. But silicon transistors cannot be made much smaller. How might scientists create smaller transistors? The answer is to use carbon instead of silicon. Carbon nanotubes are cylindrical structures made of pure carbon. They conduct both heat and electricity and are many times faster and more efficient than silicon transistors. And nanotubes are tiny—100,000 of them side by side would be about as thick as a human hair. As if that weren’t enough, the tubes are ten times stronger than steel. Once again, society will change as electronics you can’t even imagine today become everyday items of the future.
Digital Art/Corbis
carbon nanotube
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It’s Your Turn
RESEARCH AND REPORT What do scientists think is the next step in using carbon nanotube transistors? If nanotube transistors lead to even smaller, faster, and more powerful devices, how might those devices impact your everyday life?
Does it bite?
Launch Lab: How do functional groups affect compounds?
MiniLab: How can you make a polymer?
Kim Taylor/Minden Pictures
This interesting caterpillar is not feared because of its bite. It shoots an organic compound called formic acid at its enemies. While you might not have caterpillars shooting formic acid at you, you do have other organic compounds all around you.
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Launch Lab: How do functional groups affect compounds?
In some hydrocarbons, a hydrogen atom is removed and another atom takes its place. Rubbing alcohol and glycerin are two examples.
Hutchings Photography/Digital Light Source
1. Read and complete a lab safety form.
2. Use a plastic spoon to measure two spoons of rubbing alcohol and pour the liquid into a clear plastic cup. Observe the properties of the alcohol. Use the wafting method to check the odor. Record your observations in your Science Journal.
3. Repeat step 2 with glycerin using a clean spoon and cup. Add distilled water to both cups until they are one-third full. Stir gently using the same spoon in each cup that you used before.
4. Twist three chenille stems to make bubble wands like the ones shown. Dip a clean bubble wand into each cup. Check to see if a film forms within the circle for each mixture. Record your observations in your Science Journal.
Think About This
1. Compare and contrast the properties and structural diagrams of rubbing alcohol and glycerin.
2. Key Concept When a hydrogen atom in propane is replaced by an oxygen atom and a hydrogen atom, rubbing alcohol forms. What changes occur when this happens?
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Substituted Hydrocarbons
Think for a moment about any sports team. Teams often substitute players in and out of a game. In a similar way, other atoms can be substituted for a hydrogen atom in a hydrocarbon. A substituted hydrocarbon is an organic compound in which a carbon atom is bonded to an atom, or group of atoms, other than hydrogen. Just as a team might function differently when new players are substituted into the game, organic compounds function differently when hydrogen atoms are substituted with other atoms.
You might be familiar with the substituted hydrocarbon ethanol. It is often mixed with gasoline and used as a fuel for cars. Ethanol is also in food flavorings, such as vanilla extract. The chemical formula for ethanol is CH3CH2OH. In this compound, one hydrogen atom of ethane (CH3CH3) has been replaced with −OH. This is just one type of substituted hydrocarbon that you will read about in this lesson.
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Functional Groups
You just read that a hydrogen atom, in an organic compound, can be substituted with other atoms. This causes the substituted hydrocarbon to have new properties. A functional group is an atom or group of atoms that determine the function and properties of the compound. The substituted hydrocarbon is renamed to indicate which functional group has been substituted. There are many functional groups, each with specific characteristics. Four functional groups are discussed in this lesson.
Hydroxyl Group
Have you ever used rubbing alcohol to clean a cut or a scrape? It is often used to soothe and disinfect the skin. Rubbing alcohol is the common name for the compound 2-propanol. 2-Propanol is a substituted hydrocarbon of propane and contains the hydroxyl (hi DRAHK sul) functional group, as shown in Figure 1. The hydroxyl group contains two atoms—oxygen and hydrogen. Its formula is −OH. Organic compounds that contain the hydroxyl group are called alcohols. Alcohols are polar compounds and can dissolve in water. They have high melting and boiling points and are commonly used as disinfectants, fuel, and solvents. Figure 1 also shows how the substituted hydrocarbon ethanol differs from ethane. Larger alcohols form when the hydroxyl group is substituted in larger hydrocarbons.
Figure 1 Substituting a H atom for a functional group in a hydrocarbon changes its properties.
Halide Group
Group 17 elements—the halogens—can also be substitutions in hydrocarbons. This functional group is called the halide group. The halide group contains group 17 halogens—fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine. Bromomethane (broh moh MEH thayn) is an example of a substance with halide substitution. In bromomethane, a bromine atom replaces one of the hydrogen atoms in methane. This process is similar to the one shown in Figure 1. Notice the prefix bromo– is before the hydrocarbon name to form the name bromomethane as illustrated in Figure 2.
As shown in Figure 2, bromomethane is a pesticide. It can be used to kill pests in the soil before strawberries are planted. Its use is strictly regulated because of its environmental hazards. Some countries have banned its use or are phasing out its use.
(r) AP Photo/Rita Beamish
Figure 2 Bromomethane, sometimes called methyl bromide, contains one carbon atom, three hydrogen atoms, and one bromine atom. It is used for rodent control.
Carboxyl Group
If you had orange juice for breakfast or a salad for lunch, you ate compounds containing one or more carboxyl (kar BAHK sul) functional groups. A carboxyl group consists of a carbon atom with a single bond to a hydroxyl group and a double bond to an oxygen atom. Its formula is −COOH. When a carboxyl group replaces a hydrogen atom in a hydrocarbon, the result is a carboxylic acid.
Citric acid in citrus fruits, such as oranges, lemons, and limes, is a carboxylic acid. Dairy products such as buttermilk and yogurt also contain a carboxylic acid called lactic acid. Two simple carboxylic acids are methanoic acid and ethanoic acid, as shown in Figure 3.
(tr) Francesco Tomasinelli/Photo Researchers, Inc. (br) Jamie Grill/Getty Images
Figure 3 Methanoic and ethanoic acid are simple carboxylic acids.
1. 
Visual Check How many electrons are shared between each carbon atom and oxygen atom in a carboxyl group?
Visual Check How many electrons are shared between each carbon atom and oxygen atom in a carboxyl group?
Amino Group
Have you ever smelled cheese with a strong odor? The strong odor is due to the presence of an amino (uh MEE noh) group. The amino group consists of a nitrogen atom covalently bonded to two hydrogen atoms and its formula is −NH2. The suffix −amine is added to the end of each root name to indicate that the amino group is in the compound. The amine, methylamine (meh thuh luh MEEN), forms when an amino group is substituted for a hydrogen in methane. Figure 4 illustrates the structure and chemical formula of methylamine.
Notice that −yl follows the root name meth. If a hydrocarbon, such as methane, loses a hydrogen atom, its name changes to methyl. If ethane loses a hydrogen atom, its name becomes ethyl.
2. Key Concept Check What are four common functional groups of organic compounds?
(l) Image Source/Getty Images
Figure 4 Methylamine is found in cheese.
Math Skills: Use Ratios
A ratio expresses the relationship between two or more things. For example, in the formula for methane, CH4, the ratio of carbon atoms to hydrogen atoms is 1:4, read as “1 to 4.”
Ethanol is written CH3CH2OH. One molecule contains 2 carbon atoms, 6 hydrogen atoms, and 1 oxygen atom. The ratio is: C:H:O = 2:6:1
Practice
1. What is the ratio of carbon to hydrogen to oxygen atoms in table sugar, C12H22O11?
1
WORD ORIGIN
halide
from Greek hals; means “salt”
from Greek hals; means “salt”
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Shapes of Molecules
Molecules come in different shapes and sizes. Scientists often make three-dimensional models of molecules to study their shapes. Knowing a molecule’s shape helps scientists understand how it interacts with other molecules, how strong the bonds are between atoms, and what type of bonds are in the molecule. The molecular shapes in Table 1 show you how some molecules might look in three-dimensions.
1. Tetrahedral—Methane is an example of a tetrahedral molecule. The atoms in a tetrahedral molecule form a pyramid.
2. Planar—Ethene is an example of a planar molecule. The atoms in a planar molecule are all on the same plane.
3. Linear—Ethyne is an example of a linear molecule. The atoms in a linear molecule form a straight line.
Table 1 Molecules are not flat. They are three-dimensional.
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Polymers
What do a bottle of water, a toy car, a marker, and a video game have in common? They all contain some amount of plastic. The word plastic is a common term that refers to a type of substance called a polymer (PAH luh mur). A polymer is a molecule made up of many of the same small organic molecules covalently bonded together, forming a long chain. A monomer (MAH nuh mur) is one of the small organic molecules that makes up the long chain of a polymer. Some polymers occur naturally, but many are made in laboratories. Polymers occurring in nature are called natural polymers. Polymers made in laboratories are called synthetic polymers.
Many synthetic polymers are made from simple hydrocarbons by a process called polymerization (pah luh muh ruh ZAY shun). Polymerization is the chemical process in which small organic molecules, or monomers, bond together to form a chain. Polyethylene is a polymer used to make shampoo bottles, grocery bags, and toys. It is made by the polymerization of ethene—also known as ethylene. As shown in Figure 5, first the double bonds are broken in the ethene molecules. Then the carbon atoms bond and form long chains.
1. Key Concept Check What are polymers?
Figure 5 Ethene, also called ethylene, molecules form polyethylene during polymerization.
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MiniLab: How can you make a polymer?
Borax causes organic compounds in white glue to link together. Is this a polymer?
Hutchings Photography/Digital Light Source
1. Read and complete a lab safety form.
2. Use a graduated cylinder to measure 50 mL of warm water. Pour the water into a clear plastic cup. Stir in borax to the water until it no longer dissolves.
3. Measure and pour 5 mL of the water-borax solution into another clear plastic cup. Using a plastic spoon, add one and one-half spoons of white glue. Stir the contents of the cup until completely mixed.
4. Add another 5 mL of the borax mixture to the glue mixture and stir. When the substance is firm, remove it from the cup and knead it until it is like soft clay.
Analyze and Conclude
1. Recognize Cause and Effect Why did the mixture change as you kneaded it?
2. Key Concept Is this mixture a polymer? Why or why not?
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Synthetic Polymers
Polyethylene and many other synthetic polymers are made from petroleum. Petroleum is a thick, oily, flammable mixture of solid, liquid, and gaseous hydrocarbons. Petroleum, an example of a fossil fuel, occurs naturally beneath Earth’s surface. It formed from the remains of ancient, microscopic marine organisms.
Examples of polymers and some of their applications are shown in Table 2. This is only a small sample of the many polymers and polymer applications that are used today.
1. 
Reading Check Why are the polymers in Table 2 classified as synthetic polymers?
Reading Check Why are the polymers in Table 2 classified as synthetic polymers?
(tr)
Andy Hibbert, Eoscene/Corbis, (ctr) Image Source/Getty Images, (cbr)
Leonard Lessin/Photo Researchers, Inc., (br) Glyn Thomas/Alamy
Table 2 Many common objects are made of synthetic polymers.
Lesson Review
Visual Summary
When a functional group replaces a hydrogen atom in a hydrocarbon, it forms a substituted hydrocarbon.
Hydrocarbon molecules form many different threedimensional shapes such as planar or tetrahedral.
Polymers, made of small, linked, organic molecules, are used to make common items such as money.
Glyn Thomas/Alamy
What do you think NOW?
You first read the statements below at the beginning of the chapter.
1. Rubbing alcohol, cheese, and the venom of stinging ants contain carbon compounds.
2. Carbon atoms cannot bond to other carbon atoms.
Did you change your mind about whether you agree or disagree with the statements? Rewrite any false statements to make them true.
Lesson Assessment
Use Vocabulary
1. Define polymerization in your own words.
Understand Key Concepts
2. List the atoms that make up each of the four common functional groups.
3. Select the correct formula for an example of the halide group.
A. −Cl
B. −COOH
C. −H
D. −OH
4. Describe What are polymers?
5. Which is NOT a functional group?
A. carboxyl
B. halide
C. hydroxyl
D. protein
6. Which functional group contains nitrogen in its structural formula?
A. amino
B. carboxyl
C. halide
D. hydroxyl
7. Which functional group does this molecule contain?
A. amino
B. carboxyl
C. halide
D. hydroxyl
Interpret Graphics
8. Determine the shape of the molecule shown below.
9. Organize Information Copy the graphic organizer below. Add additional lines and list the functional groups mentioned in this lesson and their formulas.
Critical Thinking
10. Compare and contrast the structures of butane and butanol.
11. Compare substituted hydrocarbons with regular hydrocarbons.
12. Describe the process used to make most synthetic polymers.
13. What role does carbon have in the chemistry of living things? Explain a carbon atom’s electron structure, how it bonds with other atoms, and how it forms substituted hydrocarbons.
Math Skills: Use Ratios
14. What is the ratio of carbon to hydrogen to oxygen atoms in ethanoic acid, CH3COOH?
15. Many plastics, known as PVCs, are polymers of vinyl chloride, CH2CHCl. What is the ratio of carbon to hydrogen to chlorine atoms in vinyl chloride?
16. Isopropy alcohol, or rubbing alcohol, has the formula CH3CH2CH2What is the ratio of carbon to hydrogen to oxygen atoms in this compound?
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